1. What is Quality Control :

The term quality control refers to the sum of all procedures undertaken to ensure the identity and purity of a particular pharmaceutical product. It involves in chemical, physical and some time microbiological testing of a pharmaceutical product.

Quality control involves testing of pharmaceutical products against the specifications.

The other responsibilities of Quality Control are sampling of Raw & packing material, Testing of raw material, packing material, In process, Finished product& Stability batches, Sampling & testing of water, Calibration of Instruments, Preparation of Specification of Raw, Packing, In process & Finished products, Preparation of Standard Test procedure of Raw, Packing, In process & Finished products and reporting of result after analysis & preparation of COA.

2. What is Disintegration Test :

It is the time required for the Tablet / Capsule to break into particles, the disintegration test is a measure of the time required under a given set of conditions (Temperature) for a group of tablets/capsules to disintegrate into particles.

Cycle of shaft holding the tube basket limit is 29-32 cycles per minutes and distance covered by shaft basket is 50-60 mm and beaker temperature is 35 to 39 º C.

Disintegration is to be Performed to determine whether tablets or capsules disintegrate within the prescribed time when placed in a liquid medium at the experimental conditions.

3. What are the Disintegration Time of tablets :

• Uncoated Tablet 15 min as per BP
• Uncoated Tablet 30 min as per USP
• Sugar Coated Tablet 60 min as per BP
• Film Coated Tablet 30 min as per BP
• Plain Coated Tablets DT in specific medium for 30 min as per USP
• Enteric Coated Tablets DT in  simulated gastric fluid (0.1 M HCl) for 1 hr and then in simulated intestinal fluid (Phosphate buffer 6.8 pH) until disintegrate as per USP.
• Dispersible Tablets 3 min ( 15- 25º C ) as per BP.
• Effervescent Tablets 1 tablet in 200 mL water  for 5 min ( 15- 25º C )
• as per BP
• Buccal Tablets 4 hrs. as per USP.
• Soluble Tablets 3 min ( 15- 25º C ) as per BP.
• Chewable Tablets are not require to comply with test

4. What are the Disintegration Time of capsules:

• Gastro resistant capsule DT 2 hrs. without disk in 0.1 M HCl  and phosphate buffer pH 6.8 for further  60 min as per BP.
• Hard and Soft gelatin capsule DT 30 min as per BP & USP.

5. What is Friability Test of Tablet & friability calculation :

Friability is defined as the percentage of weight loss of powder from the surface of the tablets due to mechanical action and the test is performed to measure the weight loss during transportation.

Friability (%)  =W₁– W_2/W_1X100

Where,
W₁ = Weight of Tablets (Initial / Before Tumbling) &
W₂ = Weight of Tablets (After Tumbling or friability)

Limit : Friability (%) = Not More Than 1.0 %

Tablets with individual weight equal to or less than 650 mg then take the sample of whole corresponding to as near as 6.5 gram equivalent and tablets with individual weight more than 650 mg then take sample of 10 whole tablets to perform friability test. Tablets must be de-dusted prior to and after use.

6. What is Incident :

Any unplanned or uncontrolled event in the form of non-compliance to the designed systems or procedures at any stage of testing, and storage of drug product due to system failure or equipment breakdown or manual error.

A laboratory Incident is an event in the laboratory that occurs for two primary reasons either due to analyst error or instrument error.

7. What is Calibration:

The demonstration that a particular instrument or device produces results within specified limits  by comparison with those produced by a traceable standard over an appropriate range of  measurements.

8. What is Qualification :

The action of proving that any equipment or process work correctly and consistently and  produces the expected result. Qualification is part of, but not limited to a validation process, i.e. Installation Qualification (IQ), Operation Qualification(OQ) and Performance Qualification (PQ).

The act of planning, carrying out and recording the results of tests on equipment to confirm its capabilities and to demonstrate that it will perform consistently as intended use and against predefined specification.

9. What is Deviation:

Any unwanted event that represents a departure from approved processes or procedures or instruction or specification or established standard or from what is required. Deviations can occur during manufacturing, packing, sampling and testing of drug products.

Examples of Deviations: Temperature and RH of area goes out of limit during manufacturing, Typographical error observed in approved documents, Standard operating procedure not followed, Breakdown of equipment, Spillage of material during unloading, Instrument calibration results goes out of limit etc. Deviations are of three types Minor, Major and Critical

10. What is Change Control :

It is an Approved Procedure which is taken to change in any documents, Standard operating procedures, Specification, Process parameters and change in batch size etc. Change control is raised by user department as per requirement and finally the change control is approved by Quality assurance. Change control can be raised through software or through manually.

After Final approval of change control the changes can be made in documents  and change control can be closed after completion of required action plan which is mentioned in the Change control form.

Change controls are of two types i.e. Major and Minor.

11. Corrective action & Preventive action :

Corrective action :

An action taken to eliminate the cause of the existing deviation, incident or problem in order to prevent its recurrence (occurring again).

Preventive action:

An action taken to eliminate the cause of potential deviation, incident or problem in order to prevent its occurrence (an incident or event).

12. What is Chromatography :

Chromatography is an analytical technique commonly used for separating a mixture of chemical substances into its individual components, so that the individual components can be thoroughly analyzed.

Chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture. The mixture is dissolved in a fluid called the mobile phase, which carries it through a structure holding another material called the stationary phase and the separation is based on differential partitioning between the mobile and stationary phases.

13. What is difference between Stationary Phase Mobile Phase:

The key difference between stationary and mobile phase is that stationary phase does not move with the sample whereas mobile phase moves with the sample. Stationary phase and mobile phase are two important terms in chromatography, which is a technique of separation and identification of the components in a mixture.

14. What is Column in Chromatography:

A Chromatography column is a device used in chromatography for the separation of chemical compounds. A chromatography column contains the stationary phase, allowing the mobile phase to pass through it. The columns are mostly made of borosilicate glass, acrylic glass or stainless steel.

15. Which gas is used in Gas Chromatography :

In GC Nitrogen, Helium and Hydrogen  are considered to be suitable carrier gases but Helium is most widely used due to safety concerns  associated with hydrogen and also the fact that nitrogen  is much less efficient.

16. What is HPLC in Chemistry :

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a technique in analytical chemistry which is used to separate, identify, and evaluate each component in a mixture.

17. What is System Suitability:

Before start of analysis of the Chromatographic system like HPLC &GC system suitability has to perform to know that the system is working properly or to know the performance.

System suitability criteria may include such factors as plate count, tailing, retention, and/or resolution and the above factors are most important as they indicate system specificity, precision, and column stability.

18. What is RT & RRT in HPLC :

The amount of time it takes for the compound to pass through the column is the retention time (RT).

The relative retention time (RRT) is the comparison of the RT of one compound to another.

19. Types of HPLC Pumps :

There are 3 main types of HPLC Pumps : Reciprocating pump, Displacement (or syringe) pump and Pneumatic (or constant pressure) pump.

20. What is Trailing Factors :

The tailing factor is a measure of peak tailing. It is defined as the distance from the front slope of the peak to the back slope divided by twice the distance from the center line of the peak to the front slope, with all measurements made at 5% of the maximum peak height.

21. What are the different Types of HPLC Columns :

The different Types of HPLC Columns are Normal phase, Reverse Phase, Ion Exchange and  Size Exclusion columns.

22. What is Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) :

Good Laboratory Practice contains a set of principles that provides a framework within which laboratory studies (Activities) are planned, performed, monitored, recorded, reported and archived. GLP help assure regulatory authorities that the data submitted are a true reflection of the results obtained during the study and can therefore be confidence upon when marking risk/safety assessment.

Good Laboratory Practice contains different principles which are designed to ensure and promote consistency, quality, safety, reliability and integrity of chemicals during non-clinical and laboratory testing.

23. What is Working & Reference Standard :

A reference standard is the traceable, raw material standard (usually in crystallized form) that we dissolve and volumetrically dilute to make our working standard. The working standard is what we use to “do our work.” and this information makes it traceable and is recorded in the preparation notebook.

A reference standard is prepared for use as the standard in an assay, identification, or purity test and should have a quality appropriate for its use.

24. Why is Dissolution test Required :

Dissolution tests are performed to establish drug (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient) release characteristics of solid oral products, such as tablets and capsules. The rationale for conducting these tests is that for a product to be therapeutically effective, the drug must be released from the product and should generally be dissolved in the fluid of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The API in solution form facilitates the absorption of the drug from the GI tract into the systemic (blood) circulation to reach its desired target (site of action) to exert its effect.

25. How dissolution test is Performed :

The drug is placed within the medium in the vessels after it has reached sufficient temperature and then the dissolution apparatus is operated. Sample solutions collected from dissolution testing are commonly analyzed by HPLC or Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy.

26. What is Q Stands for in Dissolution :

‘Q’ is the amount of dissolved active ingredient specified in the monograph which is required to be released in the stated time, expressed as a percentage of labelled strength, then the batch of the tablet or capsules is acceptable, if each unit is not less than Q + 5 %.

If the initial sample analysis, known as S1 or stage 1 testing fails to meet the acceptable value for Q, then additional testing known as stage 2 and 3 testing is required. S3 testing is performed only if S2 testing fails in Q parameter. If there is a deviation from the acceptable Q values at S3, then an OOS (Out of Specification) investigation is generally initiated.

27. Which tablets are used in Calibration of dissolution Apparatus :

Non disintegrating (Salicylic Acid) and disintegrating (Prednisone) tablets are used in the calibration of dissolution test apparatus.

28. What Gas Chromatography :

Gas Chromatography is a common type of chromatography which is used for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition. Particular uses of GC include testing the purity of a particular substance, or separating the different components of a mixture and in some situations, GC may help in identifying a compound.

In gas chromatography, the mobile phase is a carrier gas, usually an inert gas such as helium or a un reactive gas such as nitrogen.

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29. What is Karl Fischer Titration:

Karl Fischer titration is a classic titration method in chemical analysis that uses coulometric or  volumetric titration to determine trace amounts of water in a sample. It was invented in 1935 by the German chemist Karl Fischer.

30. What is KF Reaction :

The Karl Fischer Titration is a titration method for measuring water content in basically all types of substances. The Karl Fischer Titration is based on an iodine / iodid reaction and the water reacts with iodine.

The endpoint of the titration is reached when all the water is consumed and the process uses an organic base (B), sulphur dioxide, iodine and an alcohol.

31. What is Infrared Spectroscopy :

The infrared spectrum of a sample is recorded by passing a beam of infrared light through the sample and when the frequency of the IR is the same as the vibrational frequency of a bond or collection of bonds, absorption occurs. Examination of the transmitted light reveals how much energy was absorbed at each frequency (or wavelength). This measurement can be achieved by scanning the wavelength range using a monochromator.

32. What is the use of Incubator :

An incubator is a device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell cultures. The incubator maintains optimal temperature, humidity and other conditions such as the CO2 and oxygen content of the atmosphere inside. Incubators are essential for a lot of experimental work in cell biology, microbiology and molecular biology and are used to culture bacterial  cells.

33. What is Out of Specification :

Out of Specification (OOS) means the test result that falls outside the specifications or acceptance criteria which has been specified in the official monographs or the Blend, In process, Raw material, Packing material, Stability and finished product specification.

During analysis if any OOS observed then it should be investigated to find out the root cause and required Corrective & preventive actions shall be taken to avoid the reoccurrence.

There are two phases of Investigation Laboratory investigation and production process investigation.

34. What is Out of Trend :

Out of Trend (OOT) means the test result that is within the specification limit or acceptance criteria as mentioned in the Blend, In process, Raw material, Packing material, Stability and finished product specification but outside the trend of previously tested batches.

Suppose X Product has the Specification limit 95 to 105 % & we have tested many batches of product X and the trend result shows is 98 to 102 %. Suppose X Product current result is  97.5 % so in this case it is called OOT.

35. What is Stability Study :

Stability of a pharmaceutical product means how long it can maintain its original form for the duration of the shelf life assigned to it and should comply the specification without any visible changes under the influence various environmental factors like temperature and humidity.

The pharmaceutical industry conducts this testing to develop a new product and establish the shelf-life of a product.

36. What is Bracketing in Stability Testing :

The design in which only the extremes are tested at all  time points e.g., strength, pack size, container fill etc. are tested.

Bracketing is applicable if the strength are identical or very closely related in composition (e.g. for a tablet range made with the different compression weights of similar basic granulation, or a capsule range made by filling different plug fill weight of the same basic composition in to different size capsule shells. Bracketing can be applied to different container sizes or different fills in the same container closure system).

37. What is Shelf Life :

The period of time during which a drug product, if stored correctly, is expected to comply with the specifications determined by stability studies on a number of batches of the product. The shelf life is used to establish the expiry date of each batch.

38. In stability how many conditions are there :

There are Three stability Condition Long term or Controlled Room Temperature (CRT), Accelerated and Intermediate

39. What is Significant changes in Stability Study :

At long term and intermediate condition: Failure to meet the specification is considered as significant change.

At accelerated condition: Following changes are considered as “Significant change”.

A 5% change in assay from its initial value, any degradation product exceeding its acceptance criterion. Failure to meet the acceptance criteria for appearance, physical attributes. Failure to meet the acceptance criteria for dissolution.

40. What is limit of detection (LOD) :

The detection limit of an individual analytical procedure is the lowest amount of analyte in a sample which can be detected but not necessarily quantitated as an exact value. Several approaches for determining the detection limit are possible.

Based on visual evaluation the detection limit is determined by the analysis of samples with known concentrations of analyte and by establishing the minimum level at which the analyte can be reliably detected.

41. What is limit of Quantification (LOQ) :

The quantification limit of an individual analytical procedure is the lowest amount of analyte in a sample which can be quantitatively determined with suitable precision and accuracy. The quantification limit is a parameter of quantitative assays for low levels of compounds in sample matrices, and is used particularly for the determination of impurities and/or degradation products.

Based on visual evaluation: The detection limit is determined by the analysis of samples with known concentrations of analyte and by establishing the minimum level at which the analyte can be quantified with acceptable accuracy and precision.

42. What Is Analytical Method Validation:

Analytical Method Validation is the process of providing documented evidence that an analytical method is suitable for its intended purpose. It ensures that the method is reliable, accurate, and consistent in generating results that meet specific quality standards.

43. What are the Parameters of Method Validation :

Parameters involved in method validation include:

• Selectivity and specificity
• Linearity
• Range
• Accuracy
• Precision
• Limit of quantification
• Ruggedness
• Robustness

44. What is pharmacopoeia :

A pharmacopoeia is an official and legally binding collection of standards and quality specifications for medicines used within a specific country or region. It provides guidelines for the quality, purity, strength, and labeling of pharmaceutical substances and dosage forms. Pharmacopoeias are crucial for ensuring the safety and efficacy of medicines.

45. What are the types of pharmacopeias :

There are several types of pharmacopeias, including:

United States Pharmacopeia (USP)

British Pharmacopoeia (BP)

European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.)

International Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Int.)

Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP)

Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP)

Chinese Pharmacopoeia (ChP)

46. Define Molarity :

A number of moles of solute per liter solution. molarity is denoted with a capital “M”.

47. Define Molality :

The number of moles of solute per kilogram solvent. It is denoted with a small “m”.

48. Define Normality :

The number of moles equivalent per liter solution.

49. What are Buffer Solutions :

A buffer solution is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or vice versa. When a minimal amount of strong acid or base is introduced to it, the pH changes very little.

50. What is Polarity :

Polarity is the electronegativity difference between the atom or molecule or the ability of an atom to attract shared electrons in a covalent bond. Water is a good example of a polar molecule due to the difference in electronegativity between the oxygen atom and the hydrogen. Oxygen is a highly electronegative atom compared to hydrogen. Because fats, petrol, and gasoline do not dissolve in water, they are classified as non-polar molecules. Nonpolar means “insoluble in water.”

51.  Explain the Beer Lamberts Law :

It states that the intensity of nonchromatic light absorbed by a substance dissolved in a fully transmitting solvent is directly proportional to the substance concentration and the path length of the light through the solution.

52. What is an indicator in Chemistry :

Indicators are substances that show a change in color when brought in contact with acid or base. The most commonly used indicators are litmus, methyl orange, and phenolphthalein which change color as follows.